The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a classification system to define the levels of driving automation, ranging from Level 0 (no automation) to Level 5 (full automation). 

Level 0: No Automation

At this level, the human driver is entirely responsible for controlling the vehicle. While some driver assistance features may be present, such as warnings and momentary interventions, they do not take over the driving task.

Level 1: Driver Assistance

This level introduces basic driver assistance features. A single automated system, such as adaptive cruise control or lane-keeping assistance, can support the driver, but they must remain fully engaged in the driving process at all times.

Level 2: Partial Automation

Vehicles at Level 2 can control both steering and acceleration/deceleration simultaneously. However, the driver must continuously supervise the system and be ready to take over at any moment. 

Level 3: Conditional Automation

At this stage, the vehicle can manage all aspects of driving under certain conditions, such as motorway driving. The driver is not required to monitor the system constantly but must be available to intervene when the vehicle requests it. This represents a significant step towards full autonomy.

Level 4: High Automation

Level 4 vehicles can operate independently in specific, predefined environments, such as designated urban areas or motorways. If conditions are met, no driver intervention is required. However, outside these conditions, the vehicle may need human control.

Level 5: Full Automation

At this ultimate level of autonomy, the vehicle is fully self-driving and requires no human intervention under any circumstances. The steering wheel and pedals may even be removed entirely. These vehicles are designed to navigate all roads and conditions without driver input.

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Source:

Society of Automotive Engineers